Human’s Attempt to Overrule God: The Debate Over Euthanasia Essay

Life. Did you have the through and through freedom to choose when your life started? On the off chance that man didn’t have the ability to choose when life started, for what reason does man need to apply the option to end it? Life is one of the most important things that people have. People are the most intricate all things considered. A lot of time is spent bantering over start and completion of life issues, for example, willful extermination. Willful extermination is a characterized as, a â€Å"gentle and simple death†, got from the Greek language (Keown 10). A â€Å"gentle and simple death† shows that demise would not easily fall into place, however by treatment or prescription. For death to stop by treatment or prescription was not God’s aim for the end of human lives. To outline, the Bible says, â€Å"Or do you not realize that your body is a sanctuary of the Holy Spirit inside you, whom you have from God? You are not your own, for you were purchased with a cost. So extol God in your body.† (1 Cor. 6:19-20). The body is a sanctuary and it is a blessing from God. People were purchased with a cost for an important reason. The discussion over willful extermination is a pervasive and squeezing issue in today’s society, and perhaps one of the most famous. Killing is a subject that will isolate a room of individuals by convictions. Around three years prior, 22 percent of the 18 individuals from the Humane Society board surrendered over the disputable issue of killing (Humane Society CEO Search Reignites Euthanasia Debate 2014). This is a discussed issue wherein many accept that an individual ought to reserve the privilege to choose how they feel (EUTHANASIA Will Be Debated at an Event in Cheltenham This Week 2014). Killing is a vigorously discussed point that is profoundly isolated as a result of individual conviction or religion. This is a progressing good and moral overall discussion, is the w... ...g Death; Assisted Suicide. The Economist 20 Oct. 2012: 18(US). Worldwide Issues in Context. Web. 30 Apr. 2014. Ernst, Cheryl, and Maureen Mennie. Palliative Preference. Maclean's 24 Mar. 2014: 6. Worldwide Issues in Context. Web. 24 Apr. 2014. Killing Will Be Debated at an Event in Cheltenham This Week. Gloucestershire Echo [Gloucestershire, England] 5 May 2014: 17. Wellbeing Reference Center Academic. Web. 5 May 2014. Accommodating Society CEO Search Reignites Euthanasia Debate. Crain's Detroit Business 10 Mar. 2014: 0001. General OneFile. Web. 24 Apr. 2014. Keown, John. 1-'Intentional Euthanasia' Euthanasia, Ethics, and Public Policy: An Argument against Legalization. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge UP, 2002. 10. Print. Keown, John. The Value of Human Life. Euthanasia, Ethics, and Public Policy: An Argument against Legalization. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge UP, 2002. 39. Print. Human’s Attempt to Overrule God: The Debate Over Euthanasia Essay Life. Did you have the through and through freedom to choose when your life started? In the event that man didn’t have the ability to choose when life started, for what reason does man need to apply the option to end it? Life is one of the most significant things that people have. People are the most unpredictable all things considered. A lot of time is spent bantering over start and consummation of life issues, for example, willful extermination. Willful extermination is a characterized as, a â€Å"gentle and simple death†, got from the Greek language (Keown 10). A â€Å"gentle and simple death† shows that demise would not fall into place, yet by treatment or drug. For death to drop by treatment or drug was not God’s aim for the end of human lives. To represent, the Bible says, â€Å"Or do you not realize that your body is a sanctuary of the Holy Spirit inside you, whom you have from God? You are not your own, for you were purchased with a cost. So celeb rate God in your body.† (1 Cor. 6:19-20). The body is a sanctuary and it is a blessing from God. People were purchased with a cost for an important reason. The discussion over killing is a pervasive and squeezing issue in today’s society, and perhaps one of the most well known. Killing is a theme that will isolate a room of individuals by convictions. Around three years prior, 22 percent of the 18 individuals from the Humane Society board surrendered over the questionable issue of willful extermination (Humane Society CEO Search Reignites Euthanasia Debate 2014). This is a discussed issue wherein many accept that an individual ought to reserve the option to settle on how they feel (EUTHANASIA Will Be Debated at an Event in Cheltenham This Week 2014). Killing is an intensely discussed theme that is profoundly isolated in light of individual conviction or religion. This is a progressing good and moral overall discussion, is the w... ...g Death; Assisted Suicide. The Economist 20 Oct. 2012: 18(US). Worldwide Issues in Context. Web. 30 Apr. 2014. Ernst, Cheryl, and Maureen Mennie. Palliative Preference. Maclean's 24 Mar. 2014: 6. Worldwide Issues in Context. Web. 24 Apr. 2014. Killing Will Be Debated at an Event in Cheltenham This Week. Gloucestershire Echo [Gloucestershire, England] 5 May 2014: 17. Wellbeing Reference Center Academic. Web. 5 May 2014. Empathetic Society CEO Search Reignites Euthanasia Debate. Crain's Detroit Business 10 Mar. 2014: 0001. General OneFile. Web. 24 Apr. 2014. Keown, John. 1-'Willful Euthanasia' Euthanasia, Ethics, and Public Policy: An Argument against Legalization. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge UP, 2002. 10. Print. Keown, John. The Value of Human Life. Euthanasia, Ethics, and Public Policy: An Argument against Legalization. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge UP, 2002. 39. Print.

South Korea Leads the Way Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

South Korea Leads the Way - Essay Example Another preferred position South Korea had over other country is that their socioeconomics comprises of thickly populated zones which bring down the framework venture required to give fast web. A stunning aspect concerning the South Korean case is that the nation had the option to get one of the main country in correspondence segment in an extremely brief timeframe. In 1995 just 1% of the populace was on the web. By 2004 about 71% of the populace was getting a charge out of network access in their homes. Web based business in South Korea produces twice the same number of deals per capita in correlation with the United States. The gaming business is one of the gainful and well known business areas in South Korea. Since web speeds are so high the new concentration in South Korea is offering new energizing types of assistance. Development has gotten critical in the 21st century. It tends to be utilized by organizations as a device to make new wellsprings of income. We are living in a ge neral public in which individuals anticipate that innovation should give them new items that stand out for them. Another exercise gained from the South Korean case is the significance of participation between the private and open division. The administration can give motivations that bring down the expense of working together for companies. Another component that permitted the media transmission division to flourish in South Korea was the presentation of new organizations which made rivalry. Rivalry in business makes incredible advantages for the purchaser, for example, lower costs, better help, and more noteworthy assortment.

For those whose applications have been interrupted by disasters and disruptions

For those whose applications have been interrupted by disasters and disruptions As the November 1 Early Action deadline approaches, we have been receiving many emails from understandably anxious applicants whose applications, educations, and most importantly lives have been interrupted by a litany of disasters and/or disruptions: fires, blackouts, strikes, typhoons, and civil unrest around the globe, just to name a few. This is, alas, not new: as I blogged last year in the wake of Hurricane Michael domestically (and other catastrophes abroad), these kind of events happen, and, with accelerating climate change, widening income inequality, and other factors, they are happening more frequently, and with greater severity, and they are all interrelated. More on that in a minute. I am writing this blog post to remind applicants that last year we published an FAQ regarding our policies and practices in these cases. The main takeaway is that everyone here wants to make sure our application process is as fair as possible, and well do what we can to accommodate you during dire circumstances. Specifically, you should know that: You should focus on taking care of yourself, your family, your community, and your safety.01 As Stu once a href=https://mitadmissions.org/blogs/entry/turning-the-tide/wrote/a, “we want young people to be students and community members first, and applicants second.” You will not be penalized in the application process because of delays caused by major disruptions outside your control. We try to be as flexible as possible in these situations. When you’re able to do so, reach out to us at 617-253-3400 or email us at [emailprotected] We’ll be here to talk to you and figure out a way to make sure we get your application and supporting materials. If the application fee poses a financial hardship, we’ll waive it. There is no benefit or advantage to applying to MIT Early Action, and you should feel at ease waiting until Regular Action if that allows you to get the rest of your life in order first. And, most importantly, that we care about you, and our thoughts are with you during this (and all other) difficult time. I want to elaborate my point above about these kinds of events happening more often, with greater severity, and that they are all interrelated. I think it is crucially important02 Not in the admissions process per se. We dont expect you to talk about this in your essays or anything. Im speaking as an educator here, purely human-to-human. that anyone currently applying to (or attending) college, and thinking about their educational future, have some kind of plan for learning more about this interrelation works. An important concept from the debates surrounding the idea of the Anthropocene is that there are no solely natural or solely humanitarian disasters: you cant understand the fires and blackouts in California without understanding that an incoherently regulated PGE deferred infrastructural maintenance for years (while laying off safety workers and awarding millions in bonuses to top executives), and you cant understand the ongoing refugee crisis at and across the United States southern border without understanding how climate change has negatively impacted the food supply in Guatemala and Honduras. Meanwhile, workers advocating for a better wage may be motivated by the fact that climate change disproportionately impacts low-income communities, which itself is a product of policy decisions regarding how disaster aid is distributed (to say nothing of the policies that regulate the distribution of wealth overall). The reason I am saying all of this is that a really, really important part of your undergraduate education at MIT or anywhere else is going to be choosing how you learn about and engage with this interrelatedness. In her amazing book Retooling: A Historian Confronts Technological Change, MIT Professor Rosalind Williams shows, among other things, how a few specific inventions and innovations from the 1990s, mostly forms of financial and organizational engineering, rolled out of MIT labs to disrupt the world, and in doing so also disrupted MIT, because MIT is a part of the same world it is disrupting. Whether you want to or not, there is no way to simply put your head down in college and learn a bunch of stuff so you can succeed in the real world later: your college experience  is  a part of the real world, and the things you learn (or dont), invent (or dont), and do (or dont) in college affect it. The good news is that if you come to MIT then there are many faculty, labs, and programs that you can study with who are trying to understand the interrelatedness of these challenges and work at their intersection: the Environmental Solutions Initiative, the Work of the Future group, the new Computing and Society concentration, more or less every class offered by the Science, Technology and Society department, just to name a few off the top of my head.   And, most importantly, you will be surrounded by fellow students who share your motivation to learn how to solve hard problems and make the world less awful. The reason Im saying all of this is because of what we have at stake in common. As some of you may have read, I accidentally worked at MIT Admissions for ten years and somehow got old, but Im not that old; Im going to spend what I hope are many years yet in the same changing, destabilizing, interrelated world as all of you. And, while sometimes I wish I didnt so fear the struggle for a better world ahead, based on the applications I read and the students I meet, I couldnt ask for better people to struggle with. On behalf of all of us at the office, I look forward to reading your applications, when and as they come in, and bleary-eyed though we will soon be, because its more than a job: its an opportunity and a privilege to encounter the brightest, hardest-working students on the planet, who all hope, in their own way, to make it better. As Stu once wrote, “we want young people to be students and community members first, and applicants second.” back to text ? Not in the admissions process per se. We don't expect you to talk about this in your essays or anything. I'm speaking as an educator here, purely human-to-human. back to text ?

The Red Of The White City By Daniel Burnham - 1427 Words

Crime is often found in every society. Why? Crime/deviance can be an indication that an area needs attention. Also, it can bring about solidarity or confinement in a community. The â€Å"Devil in the White City† shows, that where there is good, there is also evil. Daniel Burnham portrayed the good. He brought dignity and positivity to Chicago, by building the World’s Fair at a point in time when the United States was in an economic depression. Crime was not Burnham’s thing. He used his knowledge to make Chicago a better place, and also had tremendous respect for authority. The World’s Fair brought in thousands of tourists, and revenue into the country. Holmes on the other hand, was the total opposite to Burnham. He was the devil himself. Holmes used his intelligence to charm, manipulate, and kill people for fun. With the presence of the World’s Fair, Holmes used it as a way to lure people into his maze, the castle that he built to kill them. He beli eved that he was born a serial killer, and everything that he does was for his benefit and no one else around him. Holmes loved the idea of committing crimes and getting away with it. Rules nor regulation, didn’t apply to Holmes because of his mental state. Where there is classism, there is conflict. Conflict theory was portrayed in â€Å"The Devil in the White City†. Conflict theory argues that individuals and social classes within society have differing amounts of material resources (Savur, 1975, 3). However, the more powerful groups useShow MoreRelatedResearch Paper-Manila Hotel3275 Words   |  14 Pagesneeds of the new territory. Taft, who later became the Philippines first civilian Governor-General, decided that Manila, the capital, should be a planned town. He hired as his architect and city planner Daniel Hudson Burnham, who had built Union Station and the post office in Washington. In Manila, Mr. Burnham had in mind a long wide, tree-lined boulevard along the bay, beginning at a park area dominated by a magnificent hotel. To design the hotel Taft hired William E. Parsons, a New York architectRead MoreThesis: Tourism and Rizal Park7777 Words   |  32 Pageseverybody seen it today is the product of years of painstaking work by thousands of unknown citizens who gave of their time and their labors to create something of beauty where there was nothing but yawning wilderness in the very heart of the premier city. Its continued cleanliness and order is a tribute to the people who use it more than to those who tend to it. Here is a park that is used, loved and nurtured by the people who saw it shape up from nothing (http://rizalpark.nationalparks.ph/main.htmRead MoreRp-Us Visiting Forces Agreement12890 Words   |  52 Pagesagreements signed between the two countries. 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(2000) ‘At the critical moment: conditions and prospects for critical management studies’, Human Relations 53(1):7–32. Foucault, M. (1977)Read MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Org anizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pages—San Diego State University Timothy A. Judge —University of Notre Dame i3iEi35Bj! Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Sally Yagan Director of Editorial Services: Ashley Santora Acquisitions Editor: Brian Mickelson Editorial Project Manager: Sarah Holle Editorial Assistant: Ashlee BradburyRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesWhetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Kim S. Cameron UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Prentice Hall Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Sally Yagan Editor in Chief: Eric Svendsen Acquisitions Editor: Kim Norbuta Editorial Project Manager: Claudia Fernandes Director of Marketing: Patrice Lumumba Jones MarketingRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 Pagesstress, and encourage organizational members to act ethically and further promote the interests of the organization.21 If bureaucracies are not managed well, however, many problems can result. Sometimes, managers allow rules and SOPs, â€Å"bureaucratic red tape,† to become so cumbersome that decision making is slow and inefï ¬ cient and organizations Jones−George: Contemporary Management, Fourth Edition I. Management 2. 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Qualitative Analysis Of Starbucks - 1286 Words

Introduction Starbucks Corporation, with its $14.89 revenue in 2013, is a United States syndicate established Seattle, Washington in 1971, the business is a leading roaster, marketer and trader of specialty coffee globally. Starbucks employ approximately 182,000 workforces within 19,767 corporation functioning and licensed retailers in 62 nations. Their product combination contains roasted and handcrafted choice/superior valued coffees, tea, an assortment of fresh food substances and supplementary beverages. Additionally, Starbucks handle a multiplicity of coffee and tea commodities and license their trademarks across supplementary channels such as licensed warehouses, grocery and coast-to-coast foodservice arrangements. Starbucks likewise†¦show more content†¦(Keller, K., 2012) The rationale for selecting this technique is marketers may utilize the subsequent connections to configure an approximate psychological diagram for Starbucks. Moreover, although, marketers employ free association responsibilities predominantly to distinguish the span of conceivable brand connections in buyers’ sentiments, free association might likewise offer some unrefined suggestion of the qualified strength, favorability, and individuality of Starbucks associations. free-association questions help marketers clarify the range of possible associations and assemble a brand profile. (Keller, K., 2012) Additionally, to enhance the perception of favorability of correlations, Starbucks may ask their patrons supplemental questions regarding the favorability of associations they planned or, mainly, what they enjoy most about the Starbucks. Correspondingly, Starbucks can enquire their consumers continuation questions regarding their individuality of associations they planned otherwise, basically, regarding what they consider exceptional about the Starbucks. 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The report will analyze the company’s health through integrating both qualitative and quantitative factors in order to formulate a decision based on the multidimensional nature of a company. By analyzing the qualitative aspects of Starbucks, the reader can gain a better understandingRead MoreMarketing Research : International Marketing1084 Words   |  5 Pagesto consider the stages of market research process in order to succeed in international expansion. Moreover, to group counties according to their path of development and explain the reasons why these countries are appropriate for consideration of Starbucks international segmentation. 2.1 Defining opportunities and threats Clear definition of opportunities and threats helps with all subsequent research efforts including the defining of techniques to be utilized, setting appropriate research objectivesRead MoreStarbucks Inc. 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A Life In The Day Of… Free Essays

At around 7: ooam on yet another dull and monotonous school day, my alarm rings. The shrill ear-piercing sounds and death-dance of my mobile phone attempts almost vainly to bring me back from oblivion. So loud that in the process of waking me up this wakes the rest of the house as well, (this will later make me the victim of taunts, mocking and severe punch-ups between my three older brothers and†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ me). We will write a custom essay sample on A Life In The Day Of†¦ or any similar topic only for you Order Now I am usually forced out of bed, like a caterpillar breaking away from its cocoon, or tormented until I come round with the use of such agonizing instruments or procedures as the wet flannel or the glass of water over my head. After my torment and persecution, I stagger across the room with eyes still glazed over from around 8 hours of glorious sleep and, with an omnipotent thud, strike my hazily strike my ongoing alarm clock and watch it fall to the ground. With my eyes still twitching, gradually opening to the sight of raw sunlight gleaming through my curtains that have been rudely opened by my insensitive mother, I eventually make it to the bathroom and, because of our feeble, pathetic and broken shower, decide to run a bath. Cleanliness and external appearance is of great importance to me and a lot of other people coming through in this new generation. So, I put on my uniform. This is the one thing I enjoy about school as there is no deciding of what to wear, will it look good does it go with these shoes, just one set of clothes that can never go wrong. I then stumble downstairs, as unfit as I am, still stiff and taut from yesterday’s game of football. Then with my ravenous and short-tempered self, attack the fridge like a man possessed, clutching the nearest and often tastiest piece of food, even if it is the remnants of last nights Chinese take-away. Once my journey to the fridge is complete (this usually takes around 10 minutes due to my laziness, and the time taken pondering over whether or not I can be bothered to get up out of my seat), I embark on the stairs, which to me at this time in the morning seem to be like a colossal mountain of sea green carpet. And, once at the top, I realise that in fact, due to the irony of my life, my toothbrush and paste have been tidied and taken downstairs by my once again insensitive mother, whose answer is repeatedly â€Å"well who else is going to do the tidying then. † Thankfully, after all this there are little immature quarrels over who gets to use the bathroom first as my brother who is still studying leaves the house later than me, because of his career as a professional footballer (oh how I do envy him, as he is able to take his time in the morning and yet still gets to play football for a living. Finally, I am ready to leave and the sacrifice made just for a lift to school involves a promise to do more chores or household tasks later in the day, yet I still end up being late due to the slowness of my mother and sister, whose life just seems to revolve around the â€Å"Tweenies! (How I do envy her). In more peaceful moments I often contemplate whether the extra ten minutes lie-in compensates for the un-enjoyable rush I have to endure everyday, but that 10 minutes is an eternity to me. And comments from my mother like â€Å"you need to get more organised†, â€Å"your brother was never like this†, and the old favourite – â€Å"your father and I used to walk 10 miles just to get to school†¦ and in our bare feet†, only seek to annoy me. After the complex procedure of getting everybody in the car, the journey commences at about 8:15am and the complete journey involves my younger sister crying for â€Å"the cheeky girls† and me in the front arguing my right to either revise or select my choice of radio station, if not against my sister, then my mother. It is the usual battle of Galaxy fm v Radio 4. As I arrive at school, my mother’s somewhat futile attempts to park the car and later assault me, by trying to kiss me on the cheek amuse my friends as they pass. Once at school I immediately drop my bags and proceed to the metro station, an unofficial youth club, to meet my friends. However this all seems rather tedious until the Central High girls arrive and the sight of a mini-skirt makes the wait completely worthwhile. The day monotonously goes by, with each lesson inevitably uninteresting in its own way, until the joy of the long-awaited tuck-shop is appreciated, with its selection of fine sweets and hot, steaming succulent sandwiches, each as good as each other. As the lessons persist towards lunchtime, the hunger and tension draw near and the shiftiness and eagerness of the pupils become more apparent in the last five minutes of the lesson time and as the impatience and intolerance become more increase, people begin gradually and stealthily to shuffle books into their bags and look at their watches, too disgusted at the effrontery of the French teacher for keeping the class five minutes longer to discuss the application of the ultimately pointless past tense. Then, three loud rings signal lunch time and the class is promptly dispatched. At lunchtime, I usually enjoy a game of football, which ends up in me being late for lunch and lessons and becoming extremely sweaty. However, I believe in continually playing football in order to improve and become fitter, so that I can hopefully someday follow in my brother’s footsteps in becoming a professional footballer, as this is what I enjoy doing most of all. I do also enjoy school however as long as I am not behind in work (this usually stops me from playing football at lunchtimes as I continually have something on my mind). I enjoy economics and am fascinated by the world of business and media, thus possibly leading me to a future career in either of these. Yet as lunchtime dawns upon us, the sun is exposed and my day is suddenly all the better for it, compared to the dreary, depressing clouds and bleak weather in the morning as I am still waking up. In the afternoon, once again the lessons slowly progress and once again the shuffling and shiftiness return towards the end of the day, all to save an extra five to ten minutes. At the end of the day, if I am not playing football, I head home and by around 5:30pm I can be started on my homework, so long as my mother nags at me enough. At home we have a very hectic household and I sometimes find it difficult to concentrate on just one thing, such as trying to attempt my maths homework when there is the constant ringing of the phone or my brother forever chatting to his girlfriend. There is also my sister wanting someone to play with her, the noise of the computer and the television. And, due to my other brother’s strange profession of being a busker, he is forever making absurd things for his show, for example hammering nails into a bed of nails. Even though it always seems that as soon as I get started, my mother or father is calling for dinnertime and lamenting the fact that the family never eats together enough and so I never get started. But I always try to complete my homework’s, even if it means staying up past midnight. However I do get to take my breaks, when my mother is busy, I sneak into the games room for a quick fifteen minutes on my play station, or sometimes just downstairs to watch television, with the repeated arguments every night over who gets to choose what programme to watch, with the forever ongoing debate or war over The Simpsons v The Discovery Channel. At long last I reach bedtime. As I return to the bliss of my furry, comfortable and warm bed, like a baby crawling back to its womb. Exhausted from going to bed too late after playing on the play station for too long and planning to go to bed early tomorrow night, I drift off to sleep, but we all know it will never happen, don’t we? How to cite A Life In The Day Of†¦, Essays

An Exploration of the Fear of Losing Reputation free essay sample

An exploration of the fear of losing reputation within the Salem Society. Good afternoon, today I will be presenting my IOP. I have chosen to base it upon Arthur Millers’ novel ‘The Crucible’, which references back to the Salem Witch trials in 1692. There are many themes in Arthur Millers The Crucible, like intolerance, empowerment, honor, hysteria and paranoia, legal affairs, such as accusations and confessions as well as several references to McCarthyism. However the theme of reputation was only vaguely explored, but yet, it plays such a big important role in the play. This leads me to my presentation topic. CLICK) Reputation: or to be exact, an exploration of the fear of losing reputation within the Salem Society. In today’s presentation I hope to further explore and develop Arthur Miller’s ideas and interpretations on the loss of reputation. What is Reputation? So first of all what is Reputation. (CLICK) Reputation, as stated by the Oxford Dictionary, is the belief or opinion that is generally held about someone or something, or a widespread belief that someone or something has a particular habit or characteristic. Honor: Before we can isolate reputation, we have to understand that there are a whole lot of things that tie in with reputation. One of the more obvious ones is honor,(CLICK) or what you know about yourself. There is a direct link between reputation and honor. If one chooses to save his honor or reputation, it will affect the other, negatively in most cases. An example is: Early on in the story John Proctor confessed to having intimate moments with Abigail Williams, therefore tainting his own reputation but doing the thing which is honorable. Confessing. Here, he chose honor over reputation; he’d rather have a clean conscience (what he knew about himself) than a good reputation (what others knew about him). After being accused of witchcraft, his dilemma was whether to confess to what he did not do or die at the rope. This time he did not confess. Once again he chose the honorable thing to do. Dying for what he believed in. In some eyes, his reputation was made even worse because he died an â€Å"unrepentant sinner† or as someone who was shameless of what he has done in his life, by this I mean the act of adultery. However, I’m sure some saw him as a martyr, so in a way he was saving his reputation as well. What is Theocracy? But before diving deeper into the matter, I would like to introduce the idea of theocracy. CLICK) In Salem at the time, the reputation of a person was heavily influenced by theocracy, which is a system of government in which priests rule in the name of a god. Reputation heavily depended on how a person stood towards god and the church. If a person was true to the church their reputation was most likely well preserved and untarnished. Since this is a Pu ritan society, it took matters concerning the church very seriously. The novel itself depicts two views and positions towards the church and god. This is shown perfectly in the line spoken by Judge Thomas Danforth in Act 3 on Page 85. A person is either with this court or he must be counted against it, there be no road in between Act III, Pg: 85 The judge is portrayed selfish and extremely loyal to the rules and regulations of his position throughout the novel. His reputation and the public’s opinion of him are most important to him. There is not much to the quote other than it being an example of theocracy. He emphasizes the fact that one must make his mind up how they stand to the church and can’t sit on the fence, and not ebb back and forth between against and for it. The quote sums up the attitude of the authorities toward the witch trials. Danforth is an honorable man, but, like everyone else in Salem, he sees the world in black and white, meaning he looks at things in a very shallow manner and does not see the importance in looking for deeper meaning. Everything and everyone belongs to either God or the Devil. The court of Salem, was considered blessed and sacred and was God’s way of interacting with humans in a theocracy, one cannot have honest disagreements because God is considered to be flawless and always right. Since the court is conducting the witch trials and representing god, anyone who questions the trials, such as Proctor or Giles Corey, is the court’s enemy. From here on, the logic is simple: the court does God’s work, and an enemy of the court must therefore be a servant of the Devil. (CLICK) Importance of Reputation in Salem: Reputation is tremendously important in theocratic Salem, because ones private life and moralities are the same as their publics. In an environment where reputation plays such an important role, the fear of guilt by associating with people of plans that oppose the church was very big. Many people are focused on maintaining a good public reputation. Many of the folks in Salem fear that the sins of their friends and associates will taint their names. Various characters base their actions on the desire to protect their respective reputations. For example as the play begins, Parris fears that Abigail’s increasingly questionable actions and the hints of witchcraft surrounding his daughter’s coma, will threaten his reputation and force him to quit is job, to which I will come later. The protagonist, John Proctor, also seeks to keep his good name from being tarnished. Early in the play, he has a chance to put a stop to the girls’ accusations, but his desire to preserve his reputation keeps him from testifying against Abigail. At the end of the play, however, Proctor’s desire to keep his good name leads him to make the heroic choice not to sign the false confession and to go to his death without signing his name on the made up confession, which contrasts with his original plan to uncover the pretence of the girls. The Fear of losing one’s reputation: In the novel, there are two main characters, which face the fear of losing or tainting their reputation publicly. These are John Proctor (CLICK) and Samuel Parris (CLICK). Now I will be showing evidence of how their reputation and the fear of its loss are shown. Parris The major fear that Parris has is losing his position in society and having people not respect him anymore. He is the minister for the town, which was a very important position in the Puritan society. As such, he is in a very visible position to everybody. (CLICK) Thomas, Thomas, I pray you, leap not to witchcraft. I know that you- least of all you, Thomas- would ever wish so disastrous a charge laid upon me. We cannot leap to witchcraft. They will how me out of Salem for such corruption of my house. Act I, Pg: 22 This quote is solely dedicated to show Parris’s fear of losing his status and reputation in the village. When his daughter seems to be all paralyzed and people are saying it is witchcraft, he becomes very worried. If the town ministers daughter is involved in witchcraft, or is even possessed by Satan for some other reason, the minister is going to look bad and people are not going to respect him anymore. We can also see that hes really concerned about his image and reputation because he gets so angry when Putnam and others say anything bad about him or insinuate anything to do with witchcraft Proctor It’s hard to stray on this question and not come to John Proctor’s reproach of the Puritan society and pleas for his own reputation. When confronted with the choice of signing a false confession or accepting death as a result of telling the truth, John Proctor speaks these lines. (CLICK) â€Å"I have given you my soul; leave me my name† Act IV Pg: 124 You won’t find another and more passionate line about the need to protect one’s reputation. Proctor speaks these lines at the end of the play, in Act IV, on page 124, when he is fighting with his conscience over whether to confess to witchcraft and thereby save himself from the gallows. The judges and Hale have almost convinced him to do so, and all that’s keeping him from freedom is his signature on the confession, which will be posted on the church for everybody to see, tarnishing his name. CLICK) This refusal reflects his desire not to dishonor his fellow prisoners. He would not be able to live with himself knowing that other innocents died while he knocked on death’s door and got away. More important, it illustrates his obsession with his good name. Proctor’s desire to preserve his one and only good name keeps him from testifying. It seems he has also finally come to the understanding of what a good reputation means and what cours e, and what actions are necessary for it. The most obvious one would be to tell the truth, and not lie to save him from the rope. CLICK) By saying ‘I have given you my soul’, he refers to his confession earlier on in the play about committing lechery. There is nothing purer than a soul, as it is the core of a person, stripped from all its layers of lies and pretence. He has finally come clean of the crime that has been plaguing him for such a long time. (CLICK) He thinks that enough damage was done to his reputation by confessing to adultery, and does not want to tarnish his name any further by confessing to something he did not do. (CLICK) Another quote from John Proctor is (CLICK), in Act 4 on page 118, when he says. I cannot mount the gibbet like a saint. It is a fraud. I am not that man. [She is silent. ] My honesty is broke, Elizabeth; I am no good man. Nothing’s spoiled by giving them this lie that were not rotten long before. Act IV, Pg: 118 (CLICK)This quote is drenched subliminal references to reputation as well as honesty, as this is also the first time he has been honest to his wife outside of court, since the start of the play. The word ‘mount’ represents a voluntary action. He can’t face the rope like a saint. Saint referring to Rebecca nurse, who has lived up to accept her fate and is already ‘1 foot in heaven’, and that he can never be as much of a ‘man’ as she is. ‘It is a fraud’ shows the certainty of what’s going on and fraud refers to the situation as a whole, and how none of this should have ever happened, and its all because of a few girls pretending, hence the word fraud, to be possessed by spirits. The stage directions of ‘She is silent’, indicate Elizabeth proctor silently agreeing to her husbands talk, but she may also be too afraid of him to answer, and feels like they are growing further part ever since his confession. John Proctor feels that he is ‘no good man’ because he broke one of the Ten Commandments. Conclusion: In conclusion, I believe that the theme of reputation plays a major role in ‘The Crucible’. Parris and Proctor have different motifs, when it comes to reputation. Ones tries to preserve his, whereas the other is fonder of his honor and the families name rather than his reputation, although both fear the loss of reputation, it just that Proctor has partially come to terms with the consequence. However in today’s society I personally actually believe that reputation does not hold as much power as it used to. For example if a girl in the family was pregnant without being married, the whole family was considered wrong and dirty. In present times, girls like these even have the chance to enhance their reputation, by participating in MTV’s 16 and Pregnant and putting on a good show. Like I said, this is just an example, and some people may not agree with me. But nonetheless in modern society, reputation is still an aspect by which we identify and label people.

Explore How Conrad Presents the ‘State of Mankind’ in Heart of Darkness Essay Sample free essay sample

Possibly Joseph Conrad’s cardinal thematic involvement in his most celebrated novelette. Heart of Darkness. is that of the status of humanity. elements of which he believed to be built-in to mankind and others that he believed to be remarkably prevailing in his modern-day society. I believe that his most interesting technique is the usage of fables. that become representative of groups within his society and which take on a symbolic significance. portraying both the persons that comprise the group and the mentality of those that were opposed to it. The character of Marlow in this narrative is clearly built-in to the full work as it is through his voice that the narrative of the journey into the â€Å"heart of darkness† is heard. Although Marlow systematically believes himself to be in complete control whilst stating the narrative the reader is at times improbably cognizant of his inability to show himself and his memories and therefore both his failing and the inadequacy of linguistic communication is exposed. We will write a custom essay sample on Explore How Conrad Presents the ‘State of Mankind’ in Heart of Darkness Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page An illustration of this is found on page 59. where Marlow’s rhetoric becomes hesitating and stilted. â€Å" â€Å"and I heard-him-it-this voice-other voices-all of them were so small more than voices-and the memory of that clip itself lingers around me. intangible. like a deceasing quiver of one huge gabble. silly. flagitious. sordid. barbarian or merely intend. without any sort of sense. Voices. voices-even the miss herself-now—† He was soundless for a long clip. † In this subdivision Marlow loses his sense of thrust and way and this is either as a consequence of the confusion he felt and continues to experience because of the â€Å"voices† or demonstrates both his ain. and language’s. inability to show the sense of fright. confusion and terror that the discorporate voices inspired. I feel that in fact this subdivision is intended to convey that it is Marlow’s mind’s inability every bit good as that of linguistic communication that inhibits an accurate diversion of both the event and the feeling attached to it. Therefore the suggestion is that the cognitive engine of humanity and our communicating accomplishments are both of course flawed. and instead than bettering our position as the dominant species. they alternatively suppress our patterned advance. rendering humanity sterile and stilted. like the linguistic communication we use and the ideas we think. This reading is given greater strength by an juncture on which Marlow straight references the trouble he was confronting in telling his experience when he describe the attempt as like â€Å"trying to state you a dream–making a vain effort. because no relation of a dream can convey the dream-sensation. that commingling of absurdness. surprise. and obfuscation in a shudder of fighting rebel lion. that impression of being captured by the unbelievable which is the really kernel of dreams. † Here Marlow himself explains to the crew of the ship that he is fighting to accurately depict his experience. he states that in fact this is non wholly a failure on his portion. but is more merely a consequence of the failure of linguistic communication. and humanity as a whole. to to the full express emotions through the mediums of communicating that we use. An interesting facet of Marlow’s character is his pragmatism and the manner he uses this to distance himself from state of affairss that he either finds awkward. painful or merely impossible to face. When one of Marlow’s companions is killed on page 57 he finds himself unable to cover with the state of affairs and brush it aside by disregarding and â€Å"tugging like mad at [ his ] shoe laces. † I feel that Marlow subconsciously recognizes how this ability to supervise and restrict both his physical and emotional engagement allows him to last â€Å"the horror† of the â€Å"impenetrable bosom of darkness. † The possibility that Marlow’s ground for distancing himself. stems from a belief that his presence in the jungle is a ineffectual 1. is resistless to me as it seems to reflect an sentiment of his that is merely made apparent through his pick of words through the novelette. His frequent descriptions of the Congo as â€Å"impenetrable† demonstrate absolutely his deficiency of assurance in the ideals of European colonialism and his incredulity that they are either right informed or capable of conveying about a good alteration in the Congo. It is for this ground that Marlow refuses to to the full plunge himself in the jungle around him and unlike Kurtz neer ventures beyond the â€Å"veils† of â€Å"fog† and â€Å"mist† that are so frequent in his immediate milieus. This can be viewed as either a condemning or delivering action. True. his deficiency of engagement does render him nescient to the true extent of the harm that the Europeans are doing. and unable to see a disclosure like that that Kurtz undergoes at the terminal of the narrative. but it besides delivers him safely place and prevents him from undergoing the same devastation of disease and arrested development that claims Kurtz. Therefore Marlow’s refusal to dig any deeper into the events that surround him. saves him from devastation but besides leaves him nothingness of complete apprehension and continually unable to to the full acknowledge. internally or externally. what is so hideous about the nature of European engagement in Cong o. Another ground for Conrad’s use of a specific narrative character speech production in retrospect. is to do it ill-defined whether the wider significance that the fables take on. are the feeling of Conrad. or the character Marlow. This provided an component of safety for Conrad and allowed him to do a remark on European enlargement and on the indigens of the states that were affected by it. Marlow’s usage of linguistic communication and his contemplations throughout his history of his journey through the Congo do his sentiment of the European invasion of the state wholly clear. For illustration Marlow frequently describes the actions of the white work forces towards the inkinesss in a less than favourable mode. He is repelled by the ironss that are used to keep them and provides a stalking description of the motion of such a group of enslaved indigens on page 18 ; â€Å"A little clinking nehind me made me turn my caput. Six black work forces advanced in a file. laborin g up the way. They walked vertical and slow. equilibrating little baskets of Earth on the caputs. and the chink kept clip with their footsteps-each had an Fe neckband on his cervix. and all were connected together with a concatenation whose bights swung between them. rhythmically clinking. This description is one that encourages commiseration towards the indigens on the reader’s portion. as it neatly demonstrates their passiveness and credence. This is contrasted starkly. hence. to the Whites who are responsible for this unfairness and therefore the reader finds themselves opposed to the colonialists and prefering the indigens who are being suppressed. Another peculiarly powerful. although more elusive remark on his beliefs about European idealism is on page 46. where a book. that I take to be representative of the white man’s compulsion with mind and their ideals. is described. The book â€Å"had lost all its screens. and the pages had been thumbed into a province of highly soiled softness† . proposing that the rules and beliefs that are the built-in ground for colonial enlargement. are ragged and run outing. The 2nd half of the description of the book shows that a adult male has tried to reconstruct it. â€Å"the back had been fondly stitched afresh with white cotton yarn. which looked clean yet. † The effort at Restoration is clearly deficient as Marlow foremost recognizes the decrepit and dog-tired nature of the book and hence he implies that the Europeans are cleaving to their ideals out of sense of duty instead than the rational idea. which they praise so extremely. The usage of the word â€Å"yet† at the terminal of the sentence is interesting. as it makes it clear that Marlow believes that the effort to rectify the worn out ideals of Europe is ineffectual and edge to be unsuccessful. Subsequently the book is described as being one that has â€Å"a straightforwardness of intention† and therefore Marlow besides suggests through this metaphor that the ideals are non merely misinformed but are besides obstinate and nescient of any alternate point of view. It is these ideals and sentiments. of which Marlow is so disbelieving. that were cardinal to Kurtz’s motive for come ining the Congo. Kurtz enters the state a normal European adult male. and becomes obsessed with both tusk. like all the others. and with the jungle. and it is the combination of these involvements that contribute to his tragic autumn. When Kurtz arrives he is modest but assured by his ideals and felt compelled to better the lives of the indigens at the same clip as returning valuable resources to the white work forces down river. Kurtz believed that â€Å"each station should be like a beacon on the route towards better things. a Centre for trade of class. but besides for humanising. bettering and teaching. † And this clearly demonstrates the haughtiness of the Europeans. who have blinded themselves of their greedy mercenary involvements. with the pretension of doing an effort to humanise. better and teach the black work forces of the Congo. albeit through enslaving them. The white men’s ideals are hence fatally flawed as they are wholly self-involved and fail to register the detrimental consequence this has. non merely on the indigens. but besides on the work forces they station at that place. Kurtz. like Marlow. is allegorical and comes to stand for both a side of Conrad and the nature of many European colonialists. The cardinal differences between Marlow and Kurtz are the latter’s greater sense of aspiration and thrust. and his desire to go to the full immersed in the voices by which the former is repelled. It is this credence. on Kurtz’s portion. that allows him to acquire on the other side of the â€Å"haze and mist† and see without obstructor the defects in the ideals that he held. and which most of Europe continues to possess. However. although Kurtz does see an epiphany of kinds. it must be realized that this lone occurs when he is on the brink of decease. This is interesting as it could so easy suggest many things. and I have no uncertainty that the purpose is that the reader feels that Kurtz’s diminution into lunacy. is a direct consequence of the clang between his former ideals and the resonance that the discorporate voice of the jungl e has with him. Kurtz is left with a multi-faceted quandary. in which he is forced to side with either his natural sense of attractive force to the â€Å"wild vitality† of the jungle. or with the ideals. inspired by his upbringing and his â€Å"intended† . with which he enters the cardinal station. The hurting and impossibleness of this pick finally drives Kurtz to insanity. as he regresses to savagery but clings to the philistinism of Europe. through his attainment of â€Å"ivory† . He is unable to do the determination and therefore is left in a in-between land. which provides him with a clear uping revolution at the minute of his decease. However it is merely partly expressed to Marlow. due to the inadequacy of linguistic communication and Kurtz’s deficiency of clip in which to show his newfound apprehension. Therefore the disclosure that is unveiled to Kurtz as a consequence of his actions dies with him. and therefore is useless. as it is unable to rectify the atrocious state of affairs in Congo and Africa as a whole. Kurtz is used to reflect upon whether a individual adult male can of all time truly alter a larger group and besides demonstrates the displacements in mentality. that are so characteristic of humanity. He is unable to do different ideas and motive s find a united sense of way. and is finally driven mad by his inability to consolidate his ain ideas. It is this weakness which prevents Kurtz from being able to salvage the indigens. and in making so the Whites. from the corrupted and lacerate â€Å"heart of darkness. † In decision. Heart of Darkness. presents a universe in which man’s ideas and desires are built-in to the environment he inhabits. and where differences between races are impossible to accommodate as the greed of imperialism. renders the work forces blind to the harm they are doing in the universe around them. It is the myopia. possibly even the pure ignorance of the Europeans to which Marlow. and perchance Conrad. are so opposed. Marlow sees the corrupt nature of all work forces within the Congo and although he is unable to rectify the state of affairs he saves himself through his pragmatism. therefore showing the fact that self-preservation and publicity is cardinal to all human motive and scruples in the jungle. Be it in the head of the Whites. the inkinesss. Kurtz or Marlow. about all the persons in the novelette have an acute consciousness of the ailments around them and how they could rectify them. but alternatively the persons look merely inward. and pour attempt into en terprises of self-preservation and/or publicity.

Free Essays on How Do We Find God

How Do We Find God? Or Do We â€Å"Our discovery of God is, in a way, God’s discovery of us. We cannot go to heaven to find him because we have no way of knowing where heaven is or what it is. He comes down from heaven and finds us.† Thomas Merton from Experiencing God By Dennis Billy, C. SS. R This poem tells us the most important thing about God, that he finds us when it is our time. No one can try to go and find heaven, they never will. We need God to come down and take us to heaven; he needs to show us the way. When I read this poem, it made me really think. Over the summer, I had to go to two funerals that were for very different reasons. The first one was for my Aunt who was very young and diagnosed not even a year ago with cancer. She was suffering and needed to find heaven very badly, but God let her hold on until my cousin, her daughter, graduated from High School. Finally it was her time to â€Å"meet God†; he came down and took her away ending her suffering. The second funeral was for my Grandfather’s nephew, Tony. God didn’t want him to be taken away, but Cousin Tony took it upon himself to meet with God. Tony decided that he was suffering too much and needed to see God to resolve all his problems. I know in the Catholic Religion suicide is regarded as a sin, but I know that my Cousin Tony didn’t mean to sin. He just needed a way to escape all of his â€Å"problems† and be with God in his time of need. Going through what I went through this summer made me realize that when it is your time to go, God will come and get you and that you shouldn’t take it upon yourself. The only way you will get to heaven is if you have someone guiding you and only God can be the one to guide you, he is the only one that knows the way.... Free Essays on How Do We Find God Free Essays on How Do We Find God How Do We Find God? Or Do We â€Å"Our discovery of God is, in a way, God’s discovery of us. We cannot go to heaven to find him because we have no way of knowing where heaven is or what it is. He comes down from heaven and finds us.† Thomas Merton from Experiencing God By Dennis Billy, C. SS. R This poem tells us the most important thing about God, that he finds us when it is our time. No one can try to go and find heaven, they never will. We need God to come down and take us to heaven; he needs to show us the way. When I read this poem, it made me really think. Over the summer, I had to go to two funerals that were for very different reasons. The first one was for my Aunt who was very young and diagnosed not even a year ago with cancer. She was suffering and needed to find heaven very badly, but God let her hold on until my cousin, her daughter, graduated from High School. Finally it was her time to â€Å"meet God†; he came down and took her away ending her suffering. The second funeral was for my Grandfather’s nephew, Tony. God didn’t want him to be taken away, but Cousin Tony took it upon himself to meet with God. Tony decided that he was suffering too much and needed to see God to resolve all his problems. I know in the Catholic Religion suicide is regarded as a sin, but I know that my Cousin Tony didn’t mean to sin. He just needed a way to escape all of his â€Å"problems† and be with God in his time of need. Going through what I went through this summer made me realize that when it is your time to go, God will come and get you and that you shouldn’t take it upon yourself. The only way you will get to heaven is if you have someone guiding you and only God can be the one to guide you, he is the only one that knows the way....

The Subject of Anthropology Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Subject of Anthropology - Assignment Example Anthropology has four different fields’ namely cultural, biological, archaeology and linguistic anthropology. The different field uses different research methodology and also focuses on varied research interest. However, the four anthropology fields are related in that they focus on the human being and his interaction with the environment. Anthropology studies man past through the remains left behind while it studies the behaviours and activities of the modern man. This is all the different field want to show (Kearney, 2004).Anthropologist uses observations, interviews, survey and archival research to conduct the study the aspects of the societies. Nevertheless, the mostly used methodology is observation and interviews as it provided accurate and detailed data required to understand human being engagements. The term field in anthropology is used to differentiate the different aspects of the human being. Mankind has constant changes in language, culture and his biological make- up. These aspects help explain the human nature in an explicit way that give reason to the constant change.Ethnology is an anthropology branch that study of the origin, explanation and distribution of human’s ethnic groups. On the hand, ethnography is the tools that are used to study ethnology. It is a scientific search and explanation of human’s origin, his behaviours and the growth of physical, cultural and social phenomena. Ethnography falls under ethnology in the study of the origin of man.

Mid-Term Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Mid-Term - Essay Example Despite all the pain, the issues of alcoholism, poverty and self-destruction came to an end. A drug called tradition depicts the picture of using hallucinogens, but the visions that these hallucinogens cause on the users in this story shows the culture of the Native American societies, showing how much people in the contemporary society has deviated from the natural ways, taking on to new ways. In this story, Alexie shows that despite the money the Indians were taking from the white man, the ancestors would still laugh at them because they were making a mistake and forsaking their traditions and assimilating the white man’s culture (12). A drug called tradition depicts how sweet life was back when Indians had traditions, comparing it to the feeling of being of high, a sweet and calm feeling, while the normal stressful life is a metaphor symbolizing, The use of Native Americans in advertisements is not justified in any given way since as much as people view it as a way to show zero-racism tolerance, it has its negative implications. For instance, showing that Native Americans have left their traditions and advocating for them to join westernization in the way the best find fit. As such, it is not justified to place the Native Americans on westernized advertisements, since it is an aspect of imperialism, which shows that the Native American way and tradition are inferior to more westernized

Comparison of Different Ibuprofen Dosage Forms

Comparison of Different Ibuprofen Dosage Forms Both ibuprofen gel and ibuprofen tablet produced similar efficacy in terms of pain relief in their respective groups. However, lower dose was administered in gel dosage form and fewer side effects were observed, in comparison to ibuprofen tablet. Patients consuming ibuprofen oral suspension reached the therapeutic effect at a quicker rate and were in that period for a longer duration compared to the other dosage forms. This suggested that it caused faster pain relief for a longer duration compared to ibuprofen tablets and ibuprofen chewable tablets. Introduction Ibuprofen (Figure 1) is chemically known as iso-butyl-propanoic-phenolic acid. It is a well known drug that belongs to a class of therapeutic agents known as non-steroidal anti inflammatory drug (NSAID). It possesses antipyretic (fever reducing) and anti-inflammatory (reduces inflammation) properties among others (i.e. anti-platelet effect). It is used in the treatment of pain and inflammation in rheumatic disease and other musculoskeletal disorders including minor aches and discomfort 78. A recent report showed ibuprofen had analgesic (pain-relieving) properties. This was shown by testing analgesic properties of ibuprofen on a mouse writhing and an inflamed rat foot. It showed there was similarity of analgesic activity in both species. However, ibuprofen failed to show analgesic activity in the normal foot of the rat or in the mouse hotplate test. Therefore it was established that ibuprofen is not a central, but a peripheral analgesic 13. Ibuprofen has fewer side effects than any other NSAID; however its anti-inflammatory properties are weaker than others. Doses of 1.6-2.4g are required daily for rheumatoid arthritis. It is unsuitable for conditions where inflammation is prominent such as acute group 8. Ibuprofen was discovered by Dr. Stewart Adams and his team (Figure 2) 3 in the 1950s, at Boots Company. The drug was patented in the 1960s and was initially marketed under the name Brufen. Initially the drug was tested on hangover, but the drug was launched for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in UK (1969) and USA (1974) 3. The mechanism of action of ibuprofen is not completely understood. However, ibuprofen is known to be a non-selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-1 and 2 (COX-1 and COX-2). COX is an enzyme that is involved in the production prostaglandins 8. Prostaglandins have an important role in the production of pain, inflammation and fever 13. Following administration of ibuprofen, it is rapidly absorbed and distributed throughout the whole body. The drug is eliminated through the kidneys 14. Ibuprofen is a derivative of phenylpropionic acid (Figure 3) 4. It contains a chiral centre (Carbon), therefore is non-superposable on its mirror image 2. This gives rise to enantiomers, resulting in two possible structures of ibuprofen. The importance of enantiomers is that all amino acids (apart from glycine) have a chiral centre. Amino acids are the fundamental blocks of enzymes and proteins in all forms of life including humans. Thus suggesting the human body is controlled by chiral molecules and effectively is a chiral environment. This results in different enantiomers having different effect on the body, including metabolism, toxicity to name a few 1. These enatiomers exist as (S) and (R)-enantiomers (Figure 4) 4. It was found that (S)-ibupofen was the active form in, in vitro and in vivo 2. Ibuprofen began to be marketed as a single enantiomer ((S)-isomer) so the selectivity and potency of ibuprofen could be improved. However, further in vivo testing led to the inactive (R)-ibuprofen to rapidly convert to active (S)-ibuprofen. Therefore the single enantiomer was scrapped and ibuprofen was to be marketed as a racemic mixture (50% of each enantiomers) 2, even now it is the same. Another reason was the likeliness of producing pure (S)-ibuprofen was too expensive on a large scale. The difference between both the enantiomers is the way the atoms are arranged and connected to the chiral centre. In the (S)-isomer the CH3 group is in the back, whereas in the (R)-isomer it is at the front. Since being launched it is widely available all over the world as over the counter (OTC), prescription only medicine (POM) and general sale list (GSL) products. In all countries over the world they are available under different names, formulations, strengths etc. In North America (Canada), ibuprofen is known as Motrin and Advil. In South America (Brazil) it is known as Alivium and Advil 5. Different countries have different guidelines and policies regarding selling and prescribing of ibuprofen. People are not just restricted to pharmacies but they can be obtained in supermarkets, general retailers etc. In many parts of the world including Australia and New Zealand, ibuprofen lysine is licensed for the same treatment as ibuprofen. Ibuprofen lysine is the salt form of ibuprofen and is the cationic form. As ibuprofen lysine has a net positive charge, it is more soluble than ibuprofen allowing the drug to be administered intravenously. This makes ibuprofen lysine to have a greater onset time of action than ibuprofen 15. Since 1977, World Health Organisation (WHO) has been producing a model list of essential medicines. This list is updated every 2 years and is known as List of WHO Essential Medicines. Ibuprofen is the only NSAID present in the list among other classes (opoids, antimetabolites etc) 6. It is classed as a core medicine, which means it is an essential drug for basic healthcare. The drugs listed are the most effective, safe and cost effective medicines for conditions that are a priority. This priority conditions are on the basis of present and future public health relevance. The drugs present on the list are recognised throughout the world. Ibuprofen tablets (200mg and 400mg) are present for the treatment of gout and rheumatoid arthritis. Also present is ibuprofen solution, which is used as an injection (5mg/ml). It is used in neonatal care for the treatment of mild to moderate pain 68. Discussion The most important role of a drug delivery system is to get the drug delivered to the site of action in sufficient amount and at the appropriate rate. This can be achieved by a predictable therapeutic response of the drug 11. However it must meet essential requirements, which include physical chemical stability, ability to be economically mass produced in a manner that assures the proper amount of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) is present in each dosage and patient acceptability 9. It can be seen from Table 1 11, different dosage forms have different time of onset of action. Table 1: Shows the variation in time of onset of action for different dosage forms. It can be seen that intravenous injection is the most superior dosage form in terms of time of onset of action, as it takes seconds to produce an effect. Depot injections and implants take days to produce an effect. Tablets are one of the most popular ways of delivering a drug through the oral route. Tablets are solid preparations each containing a single and accurate dose of active pharmaceutical ingredient(s) (API). They are completed by compressing or compacting uniform volume of particles to a solid dose 10. There are different types of tablets available; they include effervescent/soluble, modified release etc. The aim of the modified release tablet is it enables the biopharmaceutical behaviour of the drug to be controlled. Many tablets are available that have coatings; these include film or sugar coating. All these tablets exist and are formed by the incorporation of different types of excipients 11. They vary in shape, colour, size, design etc 10. Tablets are popular for several reasons including the oral route to be the most safest and convenient route of administration. Compared to other dosage forms such as liquid, they are far superior in terms of chemical and physical stability. The procedure enables accurate and precise dosing of the API 11. These are a few among a large list. Drawbacks include elderly having difficulty swallowing, irritation and harm to the GIT, possibly leading to liver and kidney damage. Examples of ibuprofen tablets include Anadin, Ibuprofen tablets etc. Effervescent formulation is a type of immediate release tablet, as the tablet is dissolved and administered as a solution. This is the most common type of tablet 11. They are used to obtain rapid drug action. Effervescent tablets are placed into a glass of water, where carbon dioxide is liberated. The carbon dioxide is produced by a reaction in the water between a carbonate or bicarbonate and a weak acid. Once liberated, this helps tablet disintegration and drug dissolution. Then the water with the drug is administered. Effervescent formulations of ibuprofen commonly use a carbonate to assist in the liberation of carbon dioxide, such as Anadin LiquiFast 200mg Effervescent Tablets 16. Effervescent formulations can be prepared in two ways: direct compaction or compaction through granulation 11. They are produced in the same manner as conventional tablets; however production must occur in low humidity areas 17. Examples of ibuprofen effervescent tablets include Advil, Ibuprofen losan effervescent tablet etc. Gel is a semi-solid, topical formulation. It is formed by aggregation of particles and interpenetrated by a liquid. The particles are linked together forming a network thus imparting rigidity to the structure. The continuous phase is held together by meshes 11. Gels tend to be epicutaneous, it is directly applied to the skin, and works by diffusing through the skin. There is a liquid phase that may be retained within a three dimensional polymer matrix. Drugs can be suspended in the matrix or dissolved in the liquid phase. They tend to be aqueous gels that is applied to the body surfaces such as skin or used as lubricant. A few advantages of gels include it avoids drug absorption in the gastrointestinal, therefore reducing side effects. It avoids first pass metabolism suggesting more drug is present in the systematic circulation. They are cheap to manufacture and have a localised effect, hence greater pain relief 12. Examples of ibuprofen gels include Ibuleve, Ibugel etc. A suspension is a coarse dispersion of sparingly soluble or insoluble drugs dispersed in a liquid medium; oily or aqueous vehicle. The aqueous solution is a beneficial formulation as it provides administration of poorly soluble or insoluble drug. As the drug is dispersed, it provides a large surface area which ensures high bioavailability for dissolution thus absorption 11. Aqueous suspensions can be used for oral, topical, ophthalmic and parenteral administration of drugs. The rheological properties are affected by the degree of flocculation. This is because the quantity of free continuous phase is decreased as it is entrapped in the diffused follicles 11. From Figure 5 9, the process involved in the formation of suspensions can be seen. The flocculated state (C) can be reached directly or indirectly. The direct method includes wetting and dispersing of hydrophobic particles (A) with a surfactant. The indirect approach includes first wetting and dispersing to form a peptized particle (B) with a surfactant, and then flocculating with a hydrophillic colloid. Flocculated suspensions (C) are considered stable, compared to peptized particles, and they can be re-suspended through agitation. Over-flocculation can be caused through high amount of flocculating agent, which tends to cause agglomeration (E). If the protective colloid agent is not present, the process of crystal growth is indicated by the arrow connecting (A) to (D) 9. Examples of ibuprofen suspensions include Nurofen, Calprofen etc. Chewable tablets, as the name suggests is placed in the mouth and chewed. Thus the tablet is mechanically disintegrated in the mouth. However, the drug is dissolved in the stomach or intestine once swallowed and not in the mouth. This formulation is intended so the drug is immediately released, just like effervescent tablets 11. They also have similar composition to conventional tablets, apart from disintegrant is not present. This formulation can be useful as many patients (e.g. elderly) have difficulties swallowing tablets, therefore this can be an alternative dosage form. It can also be administered without the aid of water. It also complies with patient compliance. Examples of ibuprofen chewable tablets include Motrin, Advil etc. Comparison of conventional tablet and effervescent formulation In a report comparing the antinociceptive effect of both conventional and effervescent tablets, it was discovered that the mean plasma concentration of ibuprofen effervescent formulation was far greater than the conventional tablet 60 minutes after intake. This showed that more API (ibuprofen) is present in the blood, thus more drug is being absorbed by the body in the effervescent formulation than in the conventional tablet. This showed that the effervescent formulation produced a faster pain relief as it had a faster onset of action. The effervescent dosage form also appears to have a more consistent effect on intensity estimates of painful stimuli than tablets 18. The chemo-somatosensory event related potentials were also investigated and it was concluded that after 60 minutes of administration of the ibuprofen tablet, there was a decrease of 20-25% in bioavailability. As there was a large drop (a quarter of the bioavailability), it shows there is 20-25% less ibuprofen present in the blood thus less API is being absorbed. This means a higher dose of ibuprofen tablet (20-25%) is required to have the same effect as initially thought 18. The effervescent formulation is far more effective in terms of chemo-somatosensory. This is because greater amount of carbonate is present; therefore after dissolution a buffered solution is attained. This increases the pH of the stomach resulting in the emptying of the stomach at a rapid rate and the residence time of ibuprofen in the stomach is short. This ensures that ibuprofen-induced gastric irritation and other side effects can be avoided 11. Ibuprofen effervescent tablet is readily absorbed in the small intestine; ensuring fast drug bioavailability 11. In another report, Lange and Schettler showed that effervescent formulations of ibuprofen produced a higher maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) than the conventional tablet in a shorter duration. The same as the previous report 19. In respect to antinociceptive and chemo-somatosensory activity, the effervescent formulation is superior to the conventional tablet. To consume the ibuprofen tablet you require water to administer it. While with the ibuprofen effervescent formulation it requires water so the tablet can disintegrate. Effervescent formulations also have to be manufactured at a low humidity area compared to the conventional tablets. This is to avoid moisture content, light and oxygen and this procedure is more costly than the conventional tablet. Effervescent tablets also have to be packaged in waterproof containers which have aluminium foil present which ensures protection, otherwise in ambient conditions it would degrade and reduce the shelf-life 11. If the shelf-life is reduced this would increase the cost, as more effervescent tablets would have to be manufactured over the same duration. An example of an effervescent tablet is Anadin LiquiFast 200mg Effervescent Tablets (Figure 6) 20 and a conventional tablet is Nurofen Tablets (Figure 7) 21. Figure 6: Shows Anadin Effervescent Tablets Figure 7: Shows Nurofen Tablets Comparison of conventional tablet and a topical gel There was a report comparing the oral (tablet) and topical (gel) ibuprofen for chronic knee pain. Ibuprofen tablets were taken 3 times daily (2400mg total) and the ibuprofen gel 4% was applied 4 times daily (320mg total) over a duration of 2 weeks 22. The aim was to compare the efficacy of both formulations in chronic knee pain. Both the treatment groups were comparable in terms of baseline pain severity and demographic composition, this ensured a fair test. When the patients took their respective ibuprofen medications, they reported side effects. With the administration of the tablets, 7 patients (out of 10) reported side effects which included headache, stomach-ache and constipation. For the application of the gel, 2 patients (out of 9) suffered a side effect which included an acute skin rash and dizziness. This implies that over two-thirds of the patients taking the oral formulation reported a side effect, and for the topical formulation less than third reported a side effect. As a result there were fewer side effects associated with the topical formulation compared to the oral formulation 22. In both treatments, the patients experienced consistent relief and improvements in terms of pain and stiffness. There was no distinguishable difference between both groups in term of improvements. Both the treatment groups were similar and no group was better than the other. However, the oral group ranked their treatment more convenient as it met patient adherence. Comparing the physical function and relief of pain and stiffness, it shows the oral ibuprofen treatment saw notable improvements. In the topical ibuprofen treatment there were significant improvements over the two week duration. However for the oral treatment there was a decline in the improvement of the drug in the second week. Also in the topical treatment, the patients encountered within-group improvements which led to the assumption that it was due to the potential benefits of massaging. The topical ibuprofen was applied to the skin therefore there was less amount of drug was present in the blood compared to ibuprofen tablets. This avoided both the systemic side effects and adverse drug interactions (e.g. aspirin), unlike the oral ibuprofen 22. The total daily dose of the topical ibuprofen was 320mg, which is a small fraction compared to the oral ibuprofen (2400mg). However, similar clinical outcomes were produced using both treatments. Another report concluded a study where the patients were receiving equivalent doses of oral and topical formulations. During the topical application greater concentrations of ibuprofen were found in the subcutaneous tissue, which led to the assumption as more ibuprofen is present in the tissue; it is able to provide greater pain relief 23. In terms of physical function, pain and stiffness relief, the topical formulation is superior to the oral formulation. An advantage of topical ibuprofen over ibuprofen tablets is first pass metabolism is bypassed therefore it avoids risks and unwanted effects. Topical ibuprofen is a transdermal delivery system, which is more efficient than the oral delivery due to having an effect at a localised level. Comparison of conventional tablet, chewable tablet and suspension There was a report comparing the pharmacokinetic parameters of ibuprofen tablets, ibuprofen chewable tablets (Motrin chewable tablets) and ibuprofen suspension (Motrin suspension) on patients with cystic fibrosis. This study is limited as the number of patients taking each formulation is different; suspension (n=22), chewable tablets (n=4) and tablet (n=12). , nor is the strength or concentration given for any of the formulations. However patients took a dose of approximately 20mg/kg. The time to reach the peak concentration (Tmax) was compared for all formulations and it was concluded that the ibuprofen suspension had a shorter Tmax than the ibuprofen tablet, which was expected when liquid forms are compared with solid dosage forms. But with the ibuprofen chewable tablet there was no statistical difference from either the tablet or suspension. This was not expected as it was predicted the chewable tablet would have a greater Tmax to suspension but less than that of tablets. This is because chewing the chewable tablet produces small particles hence larger surface area, which should increase the dissolution of the drug 24. As the Tmax for suspension was shorter than the tablet it can be concluded more drug was present in the body at a quicker rate, hence more drug would be absorbed thus causing faster pain relief. From Figure 8 24 and Table 2 24, it can be concluded that 15 of the patients taking the suspension formulation were present in the desired range of peak concentration (therapeutic range), and this was achieved at a quicker rate of ~0.5 hours compared to the other formulations. For the chewable tablet it can be seen that 2 of the patients consuming it were in the therapeutic range, however it took patients to reach this level between ~1.0-2.0 hours. For the patients who consumed the tablet, 8 patients were in the therapeutic range. However it took between ~0.75-2.0 hours to reach to this level. There was also one anomaly present In the suspension group 5 patients, and 2 patients from the tablet groups exceeded the therapeutic range (>100mg L-1), therefore they are more prone to experience side effects. None of the patients who consumed chewable tablets exceeded the therapeutic range. For all formulations, 2 patients were below the therapeutic range ( It can be concluded statistically tablets were superior in terms of achieving the desired range of peak concentration compared to other formulations. But statistically suspensions were superior in terms of the time taken to reach the therapeutic range compared to both formulations. Figure 8: Shows the relationship between Cmax versus Tmax for suspension, chewable tablet and tablet groups. The plotted points represent blood sampling times when peak ibuprofen concentrations occured. The horizontal dashed lines show the therapeutic range. Table 2: Shows the comparison of Cmax among suspension, chewable tablets and tablet groups. From Figure 9 24, it can be seen patients taking the suspension reached max plasma concentration and at a quicker duration compared to other formulations. It took 0.5 hours to reach a plasma concentration of 70mg L-1, while tablets took 1.0 hour to reach a plasma concentration of 60 mg L-1. The chewable tablet took 1 hour to reach 50mg L-1 (Cmin). Also for the suspension, between 0.5-1.0 hours it remained in the therapeutic range. For the tablet, the period between 0.75-1.0 hours it remained in the therapeutic range. It took the chewable tablets 1 hour before it reached the therapeutic range, before and after this period it had little effect. As the time reaches 6 hours, the suspension had the lowest plasma concentration, while the tablet had the highest concentration. However it was below the therapeutic range therefore at this point all formulations have no effect 24. It can be concluded ibuprofen suspension is the superior formulation in terms of pain relieving as it reached the highest plasma concentration at a quicker duration, and was in the therapeutic range for the longest period. It is closer to Cmax at 70 mg L-1, while the other formulations were below this. Due to these factors it can be seen that the suspension has greater amount of ibuprofen present in the blood, hence more drug is going to be absorbed in the body. Figure 9: Shows the plasma concentration-time curve (meanSEM) for children with cystic fibrosis who received a dose of 20mg/kg ibuprofen suspension (n=22), chewable tablets (n=4) or tablets (n=12). The SEM bars are not included for chewable tablet group. Conclusion Ibuprofen is a derivative of phenylpropionic acid, and is chemically known as iso-butyl-propanoic-phenolic acid. It is a non-steroidal anti inflammatory drug (NSAID), possessing properties such as analgesic, antipyretic and anti inflammatory. It is commonly used in the treatment of pain and rheumatoid arthritis among others. It is the only drug from its therapeutic class present on the List of World Health Organisation Essential Medicines. This list represents the minimum medicine required for a basic healthcare system. It includes drugs that are efficacious, safe and cost effective for conditions that are a priority. These conditions are selected on the foundation of current and future public health relevance. In terms of pain relief, antinociceptive and chemo-somatosensory effect, ibuprofen effervescent tablets are far superior to ibuprofen tablets. They caused faster pain relief at a quicker rate. Both ibuprofen gel and ibuprofen tablet produced similar efficacy in terms of pain relief in their respective groups. However, the dose administered in the gel dosage form was four times less than that of the ibuprofen tablet. Fewer side effects were observed as it avoided gastric irritation, in comparison to ibuprofen tablet. Ibuprofen tablet caused gastric irritation, which can possibly lead to liver and kidney damage. Patients consuming ibuprofen suspension reached the therapeutic effect at a quicker rate and were in that period for a longer duration compared to the other dosage forms. This suggested that it caused faster pain relief for a longer duration compared to ibuprofen tablets and ibuprofen chewable tablets. Ibuprofen chewable tablets reached a maximum concentration of 50mgL-1, so it just reached the base of the therapeutic effect, which suggests it has poor efficacy.

Lord of the Flies Essay

1-Ralph calls the assembly and reminds everyone of their agreement to maintain fresh water supplies, observe sanitation measures, build shelters, and keep the signal fire going. He then addresses the growing fear that he knows is beginning to overwhelm many of the boys by opening up the floor for discussion. 2-Jack takes the conch to point out that if a beast were on the island, he would have seen it during his hunting trips 3-.Piggy adds that the field of psychology can be used as a tool to explain logically the experience of fear, thereby invalidating it 4- Simon attempts to explain that the boys themselves, or something inherent in human nature, could be the beast they fear. His unsuccessful explanation leads to talk of ghosts. But the assembly ends chaotically. 5- Ralph ,piggy and simon are left lamenting the orderly adult-dominated lives they had before coming to the island. 6- After the assembly, all the boys go to sleep. Above them an aerial battle is taking place. A casualty of the battle floats down to the island on his opened parachute. The wind drags the body to rest at the top of the mountain. The breeze inflates the parachute occasionally, making the body appear to sit up and then sink forward again.  7- Samneric, tending the fire on the mountain, catch a glimpse of the body’s movement and hear the parachute inflating.  8-They flee to Ralph in a panic with a story exaggerated by their fear. 9-At dawn, Ralph calls an assembly, where they decide to investigate the only spot on the island left unexplored: the castle-like rock formation at one end. Ralph goes first by himself, followed a few minutes later by Jack. After they establish that the beast is not there, the other boys join them in the castle and want to play there a while. They resist when Ralph announces that they need to all go check on the fire, but he forces the issue and Jack leads the way back up to the fire site.

Ethics Games Dilemmas Essay

The Baird Method based on the four ethical lenses and the four plus one decision-making method. In taking previous classes it was determine that no one lens fits the values of student Nayeli Trejos. The professor shocked with the results, and no student prior to Nayeli received that score in the lens test. This has to do with the fact that a person is not a particular lens all the time but shifts into a lens, depending on the situation. Two dilemmas were presented to the student after coaching in each lens the best decision based on the lens was chosen. The student had the opportunity to make the decision based on core values of the individual. Ethical Issues of Simulation and Decision making steps The first ethical issue presented in the simulation was a concern of an employee with a possible sexual harassment case. This employee had voiced concern about feeling uncomfortable in certain situations. The director of sales made aware by a third party regarding the situation of the employee receiving extra attention. The director received an e-mail from the employee stating the employee wanted to meet but for the director to keep everything confidential. The director of sales used the four plus one step decision-making plan known as the Baird method. The steps are be attentive, be intelligent, be reasonable, be responsible and be reflective (â€Å"Ethicsgame†, 2012). The best decision was based on the rights/responsibility lens and the results lens. The ethical issue presented in the second situation discusses tampering with research data results. The marketing director received a request to review the data to be submitted by the division medical director for publication. After reviewing the report the marketing director noticed inconsistencies form the first report drafted. The medical director removed data that was not favorable for the research and replaced with favorable data. The four plus one decision method was to address ethical issues. The marketing director chose the best option based on the results and reputation lens. Ethical Lenses used and  Lens Influence on Decision There are four ethical lenses that influenced the decision of the simulated ethical issues. The simulation offered the perspectives of the lenses to make the best decision based on the lens tools. The lenses are rights/responsibility lens, results lens, relationship lens, and reputation lens (â€Å"Ethicsgame†, 2012). Each dilemma presented offered two lenses to make a decision based on the tools of each lens. The simulation gave the best answer based on the lens and after the reader had the choice based on the individuals core values. After identifying the best choice for all lenses the students choice was rated for risk. Concepts Relating to the Workplace A lifeguard on duty needs to be easily identifiable for that reason employers require uniforms. Lifeguards uniform includes a bathing suit or trunk at all times while on duty. Females have an option of wearing trunks and a shirt over the bathing suit. Males have the option of wearing a shirt. The facility sees approximately 1,200 patrons a day. The probability of sexual harassment in this environment is higher. There are employees under age working alongside employees who are much older. Some females expressed feeling uncomfortable in certain situations. These concerns were addressed immediately to protect the employee as well as the organization. It is a requirement for employees to attend regular training and meeting to discuss policies and procedures. In these meetings a manual is issued to employees stating policies, procedure, and legal rights. The protocols were outline for the individuals in case of any situation. In addition to employee trainings supervisors are sent to an additional management meeting. This meeting addressed how to follow proper protocol to protect the individual filling the report as well as the organization. Conclusion Knowledge is power and educating employees will reduce risk of ethical issues. In these simulations different ethical issues were addressed. The opportunity to view two different perspectives before making a decision is beneficial. This allows the decision maker to reduce risk and keep the best interest of all parties involved. Know that the decision maker will not only stay in one lens but also will mold, depending on the situation at hand. References EthicsGame (2012). Retrieved from http://ethicsgame.com/Exec/CorpGame/BairdDecisionModel.aspx